Civilization is a concept that historians debate, with most scholars agreeing that it refers to a societal development that includes certain essential characteristics. In general, a civilization requires people to live sedentary lives (not moving from place to place) in societies that are larger than extended family groups. Once a sedentary society develops other features can follow, including writing, mathematics, and organized religion. In addition, many scholars emphasize the importance of urbanization, which is defined as the appearance of a city or other populated center.
Some scholars also stress the importance of a civilization’s developing food surpluses. When surplus food becomes available, it allows a greater number of people to work in other areas, such as making pottery or building houses. This helps the economy by providing people with more leisure time and money, while it allows the population to grow more quickly. It also reduces hunger and malnutrition, thus improving the health of the population as a whole.
Other scholars stress the importance of a civilization’s establishing a system of taxation and regular trade. This allows a civilization to accumulate wealth, which can be used to construct buildings and support military expeditions. It also creates opportunities to acquire other goods, including art, which enriches a society.
Still others focus on a civilization’s development of agriculture, which enables it to produce a variety of crops and livestock. This allows a greater variety of foods to be consumed, which enhances the quality of life for the population. It can also allow a civilization to develop more elaborate tools and machines, which make human activities easier and safer.
A final feature of a civilization is its development of an art form, such as painting or music. This can provide a cultural outlet that helps to promote a sense of community, and it can inspire individuals to seek out new ideas and ways of thinking. In addition, art provides a sense of beauty that can help people connect with their environment and with each other.
The development of a civilization is an exciting part of human history, and it continues to expand in scope around the world. However, some scholars remain hesitant to apply the term to societies outside Europe and the Middle East. These scholars may argue that these non-Western societies lack the fundamental qualities of a civilization, such as the ability to communicate and trade with each other. This disagreement highlights the important point that studying history is a judgmental activity, and that any list of characteristics will reflect the viewpoints and judgment of those who make it. It will be up to future generations to decide if and how to apply the word civilization to other aspects of human history.